Urban Planning Strategies in Cairo

Urban Planning Strategies in Cairo Cairo is the Egyptian capital, the largest city in Africa. It is located in the Nile Delta, 14 kilometers south of the Nile River. The most area of the city is in the east of the river and it is 120 kilometers east of the Suez Canal. The urban area is about 214 square kilometers. Great Cairo included Helwan, Maadi, Nasser, Aslamm, Ramadan City, October 6 and other satellite towns with a total area of 1200 square kilometers. The population of those satellite towns is about fifth of the countrys total. It is standing for both financial centre and transportation hub. The city is the countrys largest business and financial center. Manufacturing output value is nearly half of the country. Textile industry is the most important sector. Raw cotton material is particularly well-developed but also wool, silk, hemp textile industry. And they are followed by the food, sugar, cigarettes, cement and household appliances. There are also included traditional leather tanning, show-making, as well as gold, silver ornaments and other handicrafts. The satellite town, Helena which is 25 kilometers away from south of the city, focus on heavy industry in order to iron and steel industry. It has developed coking, machinery, automobile, motorcycle, oil and chemical sectors. Cairo gathered the national third of the trading companies and nearly a quarter of the banking, commercial and various service industries flourish. Tourism is an important part of the city economy, as directly or indirectly employed about 40 million. It also stands for an important transport hub. The nations major rail ways and roads meet at this intersection, connected Alexandria, Port Said, Ismailia, Suez, Aswan and other major cities. The Nile to the west is the major way connected through Upper and Lower Egypt. Canal Ismailia which has access to Canal Suez is just on the west side of Nile. Eastern suburb of Heliopolis has a modern international airport, the provision of Article 30 domestic and international routes. There are 13 elevated railways, highway overpasses, and three large pedestrian bridges in the city. The bridge in the 6th Oct is more than 10 kilometer. From the foregoing, Cairo is a city is the Egyptian center of economic, transportation and politic. The development clear influences the country. Today, many developing countries are faced with problem of urbanization. As the first open country in the Arabian world, Cairo plays a crucial role in urbanization which cannot be ignored. Existing urban planning strategies The general master plan which established in 70s in to create a super agglomeration or poly-nuclear City to accommodate large population growth caused by rural-urban migration. In each individual satellite town, it expected to be self sufficient which included residential, commercial and entertainment development in order to reduce the need for commuting. Ring road, metro and other transportation system should be built in order to serve expanding settlements. In agriculture aspect, it encourages development to spread to the east and west of the city centre, into desert land, to avoid building on valuable nutrient-rich arable land in the Nile Delta. In Figure ii, it shows the original proposal of expansion gesture at west and east direction. Unfortunately, the master plan has failed. The plan doesnt have significant effect on the urban development. Its mostly because of naà ¯ve urbanization which didnt consider some basic social issues well. First, the master plan covered large areas; however, the infrastructural development fell behind. Second, the new satellite town failed to attract population. (Table 1)The target of population cannot be carried out and there are not enough employment opportunities in some of development areas. Feedback from Interview Peoples points of view are always considered as the most powerful evidence. Before starting deep research of the project, an interview has been taken by M. Shaker in Cairo. Therefore, the public opinions have been investigated and analyzed. The interview is focusing on their residence history, the location they aspire to live in and their opinions about the downtown area. The population of downtown is shrinking sharply and the reason why people dont want to live in the downtown area is basically showed in the pie chart. Quality of living and traffic condition seem to be concerned mostly. Also, in the bar chart, it clearly shows that working close to residents is the most important factor for job selection. To sum it up, people intended to move out of the downtown for better housing and living environment. They also want the new settlement to provide job opportunities so that they can work close to their residence. pAs the analysis of interview information, the main problems and contradictions come out in two aspects: one is about the living quality and the housing status with large number of rural population, and another is about traffic problems with the developments of satellite towns. Living Quality The population of Cairo increased sharply from 1970 to 5.9 million, up to 8.7 million to 1980. In 1996, it reaches 14.6 million which is a quarter of this countrys. However, Cairos population is still growing at a rate of 0.35 million per year. The population is too large to enormous pressure on Cairo. (CAPMAS 1997) Firstly, there are the food shortages. Cairo consumed half of the total imports of the country; any city in the world cannot be compared in this point. Import food prices keep rising, although the government spends huge sums of money for food subsidies, the result is not pleasing. Secondly, it caused the residents of Cairo declining standard of living. From 1985 to 1989, the general consumer price almost increased double, and it keeps increasing. Third, the large number of people ran into the city cause a serious shortage of rural labor force and unemployment to the citizens. In 1961, the national unemployment rate was 4.7%, Cairo unemployment rate was 7.5%. In 1970, the national unemployment rate was 2%, Cairo was 7.6%. Meanwhile, the young population is another challenge in Cairo, According to statistics, 1988 the population aged 0 to 14 accounted for 40%. The large number of young people will put a huge pressure on Cairo social and economic development in the future. What is the reason for population expansion in Cairo? It has the heavy urban function. The density of its urban functions is highest in Africa. It loads half of the industry in the country and it has to main international and domestic trade activities. In addition, it has education institute such as Al-Azhar University, Cairo University and American University. As the Governments road construction, housing, water, electricity and other public facilities placed in Cairo, which determines the governments majority of investments are staying in the area. Therefore, it provided substantial employment opportunities in this area, on the other hand, small towns and rural areas infrastructure construction will be lack of funds. It so that expand the gap between urban and rural areas. The contrast cause rural youth do not want to go home after graduation. In the other hand, basically, there are three types of housing in Cairo: A. Legitimate housing. It was divided into three types: 1. Countries to rent and sell or provide housing for the national staff. 2. Cooperative housing (Cooperative). 3. Private housing. B. Illegal construction. Since 1960, annual housing construction accounted for 70% of urban housing about 60000 units of housing annually, is mainly for citizens with low income. C. Slums. They are mainly used by people with lowest income and new immigrants. The legitimate housing is getting old and loses their attraction to citizens, but the slums are keeping growing and cover most of the urban places. The Government cannot stop the poor to build that as the very low incomes they have. The Roof room effect shows a housing shortage in Cairo. Today, in the city, the many buildings left room on the top and those places are nice place for the poor. Therefore, the slum and informal settlements became strong impression of some development site. These dense concentrations of human and economic activity are often located near factories, garbage dumps, or other noxious activities where eviction pressures are relatively low. While slum residents typically plan, finance, and build their own communities, they do not have the financial resources to also construct basic infrastructure like waste disposal and drainage facilities. With little assistance forthcoming from outside the slums, these facilities are often inadequate, resulting in degraded and unhealthy living and poor environmental conditions. Informal housing and slum areas are, in most cases, the source of environment pollution, both above and underground, slum and informal communities in the GCMR are typically found in the developed portions of the GCA. (M. EI Araby 2002) The pollution of Cairo is another big issue and makes people get away from it. Today, the motor vehicle emission is major source of the air pollution. Another source is industrial emission. Because some of the high density of heavy industry located near the city, the air pollution is really dangerous to public health especially children. All the people are trying to escape from those industrial regions. All of those show that the environment of living in downtown area is really bad and even getting worse; therefore, new settlements were built for people especially for those can afford a new house and want to have a better living standard. Some of those settlements included working, education and other living infrastructure; it became more and more self sufficient and part from the city main part. In the future, as satellite towns increasing, the population will be drag out of the city and disperse to the desert. Transportation issues Traffic and transport situation is a measure of urban functions, while the city has promoted the evolution of modern transportation. In 19th Century, as several trams developed, various modern transports are turning up in Cairo. With the development of the city, vehicle grows rapidly. Until early 1995, an official statistics shows a total of 3.6 million various types of motor vehicles. All the auto motor companies take notice of the huge markets in this country, variation types of cars and new cars exhibitions emerge one after another. However, car congestion has been a threat to pedestrians on the sidewalk. The disorderliness gave a bad impression of this city. When people say that a city, or a part of it, is dangerous or is a jungle what they mean primarily is that they do not feel safe on the sidewalks. (Jacobs, J 1961 p. 37) In downtown area, many pedestrian are exposed with motor vehicle on the street. The lack of effective management and the underlying dangerous created an image of chaos. The problem is also charged upon urban distribution. The urban layout is unreasonable in some ways. Some of the government departments located in the central business district, others located in the Nasser City which is one of the satellite cities. Industrial areas occupied the south of Helwan, housing area are around the north. Major education institute, Cairo University, Al-Azhar University and Ain Shams University located in the different sites. As a result, almost half of the citizen in Cairo is far away from their workplace. About 1 million people have to get out of town for work every day. Therefore, public transportation becomes the key issue of the economic development. From 1970 to 1980, passengers are rising about 10% per year, while public transport is almost not increased. However, in 1990, it accommodated 13million passengers. It is not easy to imagine a bus can carry so many passengers and spend more than an hour for about 1mile. Inadequate of public transport is getting worse; however, several solutions have been established by the Government to solve that. In order to relieve the traffic crisis from the 70s, Cairo, built 13 large-scale motorway bridges and more than 3 thousands pedestrian bridges. The new road system has been built; a large road network connects the city with other towns. New ring road is built surround outside of the city and connected with most of the districts. Especially, the motorway bridge located in the heart of 6th Oct. is up to 10 kilometers. Also, because of the high pressure of public transportation, the need of cheep and fast transport revealed. A study was made about the needed capacity in 1990 for the transportation power, which showed the need of 8,400 Million trips a day for public transportation like buses and 2,770 million trips a day for other transportation systems like taxis and cars. The actual available capacity for public transportation is 4,872 million trips a day which is 3.5 million trips less than the needed capacity. The Government reached an agreement with France, in March 1982 1 September 1987. It takes five and a half years, costs 500 million Egyptian Pound to build 43 kilometers Metro. This is the first subway in the Middle East and Africa, which operates daily from 5:30 to 12 midnight, with a passenger capacity of 60000 people per hour. From 1996, they began to build the second line which connects from Shobra El Kheima to El Mounib and it finished construction in 2005. But as the need of the large capacity keep growing; Egyptian Railway Authority has already proposed another two lines: Line 3, Mohandiseen to Cairo Intl Airport; Line 4, October to Oasis Highway to Mubarak Police Academy. It is expected to finish by 2020. The subway construction to solve the traffic problems has made a significant contribution. Meanwhile, the Government started to develop the river transport on the Nile to relieve the traffic congestion, particularly, the peak traffic congestion pressure. International Airport is also a crucial factor in the economic development of a capital. Cairo international airport stands for the gateway of the city and the country. It located in the Heliopolis district, which is about 10miles away from the city central area. However, the air port will be connected with Metro Cairo in couple of years. It also is the second busiest airport in Africa. Cairo Airport handles about 3,400 daily flights, more than 12,100 weekly flights and about 125,000 yearly flights. The airport has three terminals with the third (Terminal 3) opening in April 2009 which houses Egypt Air and its Star Alliance partners. (Wikipedia 2009) Practically speaking, the airport really contributes international communication of Cairo and promotes the development of economic. Future developments Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif has commissioned the Ministry of Housing, a representative in the General Authority for Urban Planning, to prepare a comprehensive plan for the development of all Downtown Cairo.'(The Boursa Exchange 18 Oct. 2009) Therefore, several large downtown development competitions have been hold recently. The Urban Planning Authority planed to create open space to the citizens by this redevelopment. For example, the Cairo Expo City designed by Zaha Hadid and the Sorouh City district designed by Callison. From 2009, the Government is planning to develop the Ramses Square in the central Cairo. A comprehensive vision of the area will primarily rely on the transformation of downtowns main streets into pedestrian areas, so that it becomes an area of open-air restaurants and spaces. Said Mustafa al-Madbouli, president of the Urban Planning Authority Among the other proposals is to design the areas principal squares, such as Talaat Harb and Abdel Moneim Riad Squares, in a distinctive way, creating multi-story underground garages, so that most of the traffic remains underground. Conclusion about Cairos urbanization problems Theoretically, the right urban planning strategy is a proof for urban development. It is important to note, Egypt is an agricultural country with a high proportion of the population, a large number of peasants moved to cities, particularly in large cities. As result, the urban intensity of Cairo in different levels is rare in the world. The large expansion, rapid growth of population, housing issue, traffic congestion and environmental problems are coming out under this situation. It shows that the main development strategy today is to build satellite towns which can be self-sufficient and be part from the city. It is good for economic growth in the few years but it might be cause more and more problem in the future. First, many projects which have done or are going to do are not considered with sustainable issues. The architecture which introduced might not fit with the Cairo culture and climate. Many critics are still questioning if those new landmark development project will reall y attract people as the failure of 70s master plan. Second, the large expansion will rely on the infrastructure which cost huge amount of money and will take a long time to complete. Before that, how to solve the traffic problem? Lots of people live in new settlement are still working in downtown; they need to travel a long way to work. So this will put more loads on the transportation again. The expansion will make more contrasts between old Cairo and new towns. The poor and people who could not move will leave there. This has lead to a lower standard of living than in other areas and the standard of living in downtown will keep getting worse. However, the development should never leave the old city behind and make escape for upper-mid class people. Cairos development process must make efforts to their self-awareness, to overcome the excessive dependence on external weaknesses. The Government should prevent the blind copy and follow other foreign capitals, seek for large developmen t to leave away from the reality. Many issues are undergoing right now and those are really what should be improve and solve in the first place. Bibliography Alexander, C. (1977), A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction, Oxford University Press. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) (1987), Population, Housing and Establishment Census 1986, Preliminary Results, CAPMAS Press, Cairo. CAPMAS (1990), The Statistics Annual Book for A.R.E., 1952-1989, CAPMAS Press, Cairo. CAPMAS (1991), Housing Units and Buildings Characteristics,Final Report, Vol. 4, CAPMAS Press, Cairo. CAPMAS (1997), Population, Housing, and Establishment Census 1996, Preliminary Results, CAPMAS Press, Cairo. Jacobs, J. (1961), The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Random House Inc. Internet Sources World Architecture News.com, http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectviewupload_id=12571 The Boursa Exchange, http://nottooshaabi.wordpress.com/2009/10/18/the-boursafication-of-downtown Wikipedia, Transport in Cairo, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Cairo (modified on 21.11.09) Wikipedia, Cairo Metro, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Metro (modified on 5.1.10)

Free College Essays - Allegory and Symbolism in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

Nathaniel Hawthorne is a nineteenth-century American writer of the Romantic Movement. Hawthorne was born is Salem, Massachusetts, and this is the place he used as the setting for some of his works: such as "The Scarlett Letter", "the Blithedale Romance" and "Young Goodman Brown". In writing, Hawthorne was known for his use of allegory and symbolism, which made his stories a joy for everyone to read. Hawthorne was said to be the first American writer who was conscious of the failure of modern man to realize his full capacity for moral growth. His stories contain much about the life he knew as a child being brought up in a Puritan society. As Hawthorne's writing continued it was filled with the same amount of sin and evil as his first writings. Evil that was revealed through his works. "Young Goodman Brown" was said to be one of the best stories ever written by Hawthorne (Adams70). "The Marble Faun: and "the Scarlett Letter were some of the other stories written by Hawthorne, and they were said to be "Young Goodman Brown" grown older. In this selection there is a question of maturity for Goodman Brown and whether he is good or evil. There is also a transition from childishness to adolescence to maturity. This short story in particular has a feeling of adultery, betrayal, and deception as in some of his other works. It was said by Richard P. Adams that "young Goodman Brown" was a germ for nearly all his best work that followed (Adams 71). The use of symbolism in "young Goodman Brown" shows that evil is everywhere, which becomes evident in the conclusion of this short story. Hawthorne's works are filled with symbolic elements and allegorical elements. "Young Goodman Brown" deals mostly with conventional allegorical elements, such as Young Goodman Brown and Faith. In writing his short stories or novels he based their depiction of sin on the fact that he feels like his father and grandfather committed great sins. There are two main characters in this short story, Fai th and Young Goodman Brown. "Young Goodman Brown is everyman seventeenth-century New England the title as usual giving the clue. He is the son of the Old Adam, and recently wedded to Faith. We must note that every word is significant in the opening sentence: "Young Goodman Brown came forth at sunset into the street of Sale, Village; but put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to exchange a parting kiss with his young w2ife.

Ethical Dilemma Essay

Patient confidentiality has become an integral aspect of healthcare ethical standards since the HIPPA law came into being. (Erikson 2005). According to the American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics â€Å"the nurse has a duty to maintain confidentiality of all patient information† (Nursingworld, 2005). When a patient’s confidentiality is violated, his/ her wellbeing is negatively impacted. Patient confidentiality encompasses protecting any information the patient reveals to medical staff, and not divulging or sharing it to others. If trust is betrayed, the patient would be uncomfortable and reluctant to share their private and personal information. The nursing profession is built on trust and providing good care, and there are limited reasons to breach a patient’s trust. A breach of confidentiality means disclosing a patient’s information to a third party without the patient’s consent or an order from court and this may be done by phone, verba lly or electronically. If this type of disclosure of the patient’s information is shared to unauthorized persons, a breach of confidentiality results and this has ethical and legal implications. The law protects patient’s right to confidentiality and nurses have a moral duty to do the right thing for the patient. Understanding the ethical principles is very important because it provides the basis for nursing practice. According to the American Nurses Association, the ethical principles that underlie confidentiality are autonomy ( agreement to respect another’s right to self-determine a course of action; support of independent decision making), beneficence ( compassion; taking positive action to help others; desire to do good; core principle of our patient advocacy) and nonmaleficence (avoidance of harm or hurt ).These principles ensure that nurses act in a way that benefits the patient, causing no harm, respecting the patient’s personal information and promoting patient’s right to self-governing. It must however be noted that there are many situations that can arise in which patient confidentiality becomes a dilemma for nurses. Dilemmas around   confidentiality arise when the principle of confidentiality is in possible conflict with other ethical principles such as avoiding harm to the patient or others. The scenario below underscores this point: A day after he was admitted to the hospital, Fiifi was informed that he is HIV positive. The medical team advised him to contact his sexual partner and inform her of his status. For the past 15 months, Fiifi has been in a relationship with Derby and they are expecting a baby in 6 weeks’ time. Before this relationship Fiifi admits having a series of sexual partners. 5 days later, it became clear that he has not told Derby of his HIV status. Being aware of the baby, soon to be born, the medical team tells Fiifi that steps should be taken to assess whether Derby is HIV positive and whether the baby is at risk or not so that necessary treatment could be initiated. At this point, Fiifi was reluctant to tell Derby and even threatens to sue the hospital if she is told without his consent. What should the team do? This is a typical case of ethical dilemma; should the team inform Derby or what? A critical analysis reveals that the principle of autonomy requires that personal information should not be disclosed without consent. However, in some cases the autonomy of another person may also be at play as it is in this case Derby, the previous sexual partners and the baby when born. Not disclosing information may limit their ability to make decisions regarding treatment and lifestyle and thereby violating the principle of non maleficence. Even though maintaining confidentiality is crucial, the consequences of disclosing or not disclosing are also important considerations. In this scenario for example, the consequences of non-disclosure can be identified as, the risk that Derby may be HIV positive and the effect of not providing information to enable her to be tested is that she is harmed by not knowing her HIV status and not receiving a course of treatment. If Derby is HIV positive and is not aware of the risk, the consequences are that she will not take steps to minimize the risk of infection to the baby; For example, obtaining treatment during pregnancy or prophylactic treatment and knowing not to breastfee d. If Derby finds out later that there was a risk to her and that she was not informed, she may lose trust in the healthcare system. The scenario here presents a conflict in which the nurse is torn between an obligation to the patient and an obligation to the others (Derby, the baby to be born and the other sexual partners). Using the ANA code of ethics as a  frame of reference, The Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements (ANA, 2001), emphasizes the responsibility of the nurse to promote the welfare, health and safety of the public. Further, the code states that the primary commitment of the nurse is to the patient. This is like a double-edged sword. It must however be noted that there is an exception to the principle of confidentiality, which justified on the basis that a breach of confidentiality would help prevent harm to an identifiable person, and this is buttressed by the ANA’s provision that there are some exceptions to this duty such as a greater need to protect the patient and other parties (Nursingworld, 2012). References American Nurses Association. (2005). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Retrieved fromhttp://nursingworld.org/ MainMenuCategories / EthicsStandards/ CodeofEthicsforNurses.asp American Nurses Association. (2012). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Retrieved from http://nursingworld.org/ MainMenuCategories/ EthicsStandards/ CodeofEthicsforNurses.asp Erickson, J., Millar, S. ( 2005). â€Å"Caring for Patients While Respecting Their Privacy: Renewing Our Commitment†. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol. 10 No. 2, Manuscript.

Free Essays on CMI Case Analisys

Jacko Consulting, Inc. Cumberland Metal Industries Product Launch Analysis Synopsis Jacko Consulting, Inc., having analyzed Cumberland Metal Industries’ (CMI) new product launch, has prepared this report detailing the superior performance of curled metal pads. We believe that CMI has developed a product that will revolutionize the pile driving industry. This curled metal cushion pad will allow companies to operate much more efficiently, thereby enabling companies to improve performance and realize significant time and cost savings. Objective Established in 1963, CMI is one of the country’s largest manufacturers of curled metal products. However, as doubts arose regarding the company’s ability to maintain its market dominance, it was imperative for CMI to diversify and expand its product offering. While integral to the operational and technical aspects of the industry, cushion pads were taken for granted as no substitutes were available. Damage from heat and shock, consistent down-time required for changing the pads, and potential health risks resulting from the use of asbestos pads provided an opportunity for the introduction of a more suitable alternative. CMI has indeed developed a suitable alternative made of curled metal which addresses these issues, thereby increasing awareness of the importance of cushion pads within the industry. With the ability to withstand high levels of shock and heat, this innovative pad will reduce damage to hammering equipment and to the piles themselves. This pad is also expected to outperform asbestos pads both in longevity and ease of use. To ensure the products’ prices will be well received in the market, CMI invested in the capabilities of the professional staff at Jacko Consulting, Inc. to provide an economic value-added analysis and a marketing recommendation that will ensure a successful product launch. Economic Value Analysis Prior to setting a price for CMI’s cu... Free Essays on CMI Case Analisys Free Essays on CMI Case Analisys Jacko Consulting, Inc. Cumberland Metal Industries Product Launch Analysis Synopsis Jacko Consulting, Inc., having analyzed Cumberland Metal Industries’ (CMI) new product launch, has prepared this report detailing the superior performance of curled metal pads. We believe that CMI has developed a product that will revolutionize the pile driving industry. This curled metal cushion pad will allow companies to operate much more efficiently, thereby enabling companies to improve performance and realize significant time and cost savings. Objective Established in 1963, CMI is one of the country’s largest manufacturers of curled metal products. However, as doubts arose regarding the company’s ability to maintain its market dominance, it was imperative for CMI to diversify and expand its product offering. While integral to the operational and technical aspects of the industry, cushion pads were taken for granted as no substitutes were available. Damage from heat and shock, consistent down-time required for changing the pads, and potential health risks resulting from the use of asbestos pads provided an opportunity for the introduction of a more suitable alternative. CMI has indeed developed a suitable alternative made of curled metal which addresses these issues, thereby increasing awareness of the importance of cushion pads within the industry. With the ability to withstand high levels of shock and heat, this innovative pad will reduce damage to hammering equipment and to the piles themselves. This pad is also expected to outperform asbestos pads both in longevity and ease of use. To ensure the products’ prices will be well received in the market, CMI invested in the capabilities of the professional staff at Jacko Consulting, Inc. to provide an economic value-added analysis and a marketing recommendation that will ensure a successful product launch. Economic Value Analysis Prior to setting a price for CMI’s cu...

Influence of Visual Cues on Buying Behavior

Influence of Visual Cues on Buying Behavior Influence of Visual Cues on Buying Behavior Retail environment is an art of persuasion, which includes many factors that affect on consumer buying behavior. Though, most customers make their choice in favor of a product spontaneously, and a major role in this case has an attractive appearance of the products. During promotion new products to the market, often the most important visual cues are size, shape, light, and color of the product. Experts are unanimous on the importance of the visual view of packaging and are not inclined to belittle its role in creating the image of the product. It is not a secret that in a competitive environment, especially if the market includes a large number of goods, similar in composition, purpose and other features, the products fate depends on its design. The customer makes an impulsive and unplanned purchase under the influence of intelligently designed product appearance. Visual cues affect the person in the way that his or her mind does not perceive this. One of the most influential visual cues on consumer buying behavior in a retail environment is size of the product. According to Postlethwaite Gerry (1991, p. 154) more than 20% of consumers are guided solely by the big or small, compact or inconvenient products size. As well, human choice depends on the convenience and portability of the bought things. If it is some technique product, of course it is expected to not take plenty of place in the room, apartment or even in the pocket of the consumer. Therefore, if a man or woman came to the supermarket to buy a lot of goods, the number of those, which can be transported directly related to the products size and shape. It has to be admitted that packaging shape is the key to a hidden code inside customers unconscious psyche. For example, architectural elements are unconsciously perceived such feelings as order, organization, and evoke a sense of reality, responsibility and duty. That is why almost product packages have a shape of the pr oper geometric figures. Product packaging light and color are also important and influence on the consumers choice while buying the items. Particular colors and lights draw attention and are involved in shaping the image of goods. Thus consumers emphasize these cues as in the retail environment they are observed first. In the choice of a particular color always considered historical cultural preferences of potential buyers. It is well known that one and the same color in different countries is interpreted in different ways. For example, black color in the West is considered the color of mourning and sadness, but in many Asian countries these emotional meanings have white color. In addition to this not mind-controlled association, products light and color in the consumers representation call up desire to buy the product. The most of the customers faster pay attention to the bright and light colors. Each light and color means how it perceived on a psychological level. This discovery was made by the Swiss psyc hiatrist Max Luscher, who developed the so-called color test that shows human choice and its influence on buying behavior according to the certain attitudes and mood (Sandhusen Richard 2000, p. 113). Visual cues such as size, shape, light, and color are important for manager because of his or her responsibility to ensure consumer in the environmental safety and quality of goods. For the good manager visual cues of the product are necessary help, which is able to increase selling and attract more customers in the future. Successful manager clearly know range of products and its features, skills to not only get clients though to establish with them a long relationship. The role of the products visual cues in all these cases is huge: item with the practical size, well-shaped, and nicely presented with the light and color will always be popular among the consumers and increase managers progress and career.

David Cole Interviews Dr. Franciscek Piper Essay - 1

David Cole Interviews Dr. Franciscek Piper - Essay Example But according to interview, Cole has disapproved the theory of concentration camps and gas chambers as gas used was just a disinfectant. Piper was an eye witness to the holocaust and believes that the figure projected by Russian was much higher, only about 1.1 million Jews had died as against the Russian propaganda of 4.4 million Jews who had been exterminated! The bullets marks were that of Air Force raids when it was turned into airbase for Germans while fighting against Allied forces. Cole believes that Auschwitz’ gas chambers and concentration camps were wild imaginations of few and Jews had probably died due to hard working conditions. But 1.1 million is not a small number and if Piper has quoted this number, then mass murders did happen. Whether they were killed or not in gas chambers or were tortured to death in concentration camps is immaterial. I fail to understand the purpose of Cole’s interview with Piper because even though, he has found no evidence that prove that people could have been killed in the gas chamber that was shown to Cole, the interview, nevertheless clearly reveals that such heinous crime was committed in Auschwitz by Germans in WWII. (words:

Storylinejournal entry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Storylinejournal entry - Assignment Example There is also the presentation of both genders of the audience that signifies unity of purpose in the meeting. There is also the separation of the audience into two key groups that shows that the meeting might have involved all rank of people in the state. The podium where Charles Lindbergh gave his speech has a writing termed â€Å"Defend America Fist.† This writing symbolized the petition launched by America First Committee aimed at implementing the Neutrality Act of 1939 and compelling President F. D. Roosevelt to honour his pledge of keeping the country out of the war (Charles Lindbergh Foundation, 2014, p. 1). America First Committee pushed for American defense by opposing the Atlantic Charter, the convoying of ships, as well as the placement of an economic pressure on Japan. The display of two doves in the photograph depicted the theme of the rally that centered on peace and preparedness. As a result, Lindbergh gave a speech that significantly criticized all the movements that he perceived as promoters of America into the war. There can also be seen a flag of the America First Committee that centered on peace for the American people. The photograph was taken in 1941 and shows a woman repairing a war radio. The woman presented wears an official uniform of the corps. This presentation signifies that the task performed by the woman was one of the official duties performed by the women corps during the Second World War. The writing â€Å"woman’s place in war† shows that this task of repairing war radios was exclusively left for women who were present for the war (Digital Public Library of America, 2015, p.1). This concept is further facilitated by the bottom most writing that states â€Å"the women’s army corps.† Even though the role was also very significant, it was initiated as a source of contribution of female gender to the war. There is also a portrait of a woman that indicates